1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based frothing agents are acquired mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical teams.
This dual fondness makes it possible for the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces during mechanical aeration, minimizing surface area tension and stabilizing bubble development– a critical requirement for creating uniform mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, animal healthy protein lathering agents are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and exhibit superb compatibility with Portland cement systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– usually in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly affects foam security, drain rate, and bubble dimension, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis vital for regular performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (normally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the healthy protein remedy forms a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of larger bubbles at the expense of smaller sized ones– by creating a mechanically robust interfacial layer strengthened through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high development proportions (generally 15– 25:1) and low drainage prices (
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